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class="h10"></div> <div id="xrrl5tf" class="articleBox">     <div id="zj5fhl5" class="wow fadeIn" id="articleContent">  <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <br /> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <img src="/temp/1645681228547.png" /> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <span>1.青藏高原地區的環(huán)境特點(diǎn)</span> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <span>青藏鐵路起于青海省，進(jìn)入西藏自治區，全長(cháng) 1956km，是重要的進(jìn)藏路線(xiàn)，該鐵路途經(jīng)青藏高原，被譽(yù)為天路。青藏高原環(huán)境惡劣，光照時(shí)間久、晝夜溫差較大，有很多常年冰凍的雪山坐落其中，有“世界屋脊”和“亞洲水塔”之稱(chēng)。因其處于亞歐板塊與印度洋板塊相擠壓的地方，同時(shí)受到太平洋板塊的影響，使其擁有復雜而獨特的地質(zhì)環(huán)境。大自然的鬼斧神工雖然給予了西藏獨一無(wú)二的景色，但對于青藏鐵路混凝土的耐久性卻造成了極大的考驗。要了解青藏鐵路混凝土的劣化機制和相應的解決措施，必須先了解青藏高原的環(huán)境特點(diǎn)。</span> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <img src="/temp/1645681228560.png" /> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <span>青藏高原主要環(huán)境特點(diǎn)為：一是高寒。二是光照時(shí)間長(cháng)。當地年光照時(shí)間是內地的 1.5～2.5 倍。三是氣候干燥、干濕交替快。四是晝夜溫差大。五是風(fēng)沙大，大風(fēng)日多。六是紫外線(xiàn)輻射強。七是多冰雪天氣，有些地方全年冰凍。八是青藏高原地區有些河流和部分地區的地下水存在腐蝕性物質(zhì)等。九是極端天氣特別多，大風(fēng)、暴雪、暴雨、冰雹等現象頻繁出現。</span> </p> <p class="p1"> <br /> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <span>總之，青藏高原多數地區環(huán)境極其惡劣，給青藏鐵路的施工和維護帶來(lái)極大困難。</span> </p> <p class="p1"> <br /> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <span>青藏鐵路途經(jīng)高海拔地區，凍土面積廣闊，平均氣溫低，每年平均約有 180 個(gè)高頻率凍融循環(huán)，加之四季更替使得土體狀況不同，混凝土的耐久性受到嚴重影響。目前關(guān)于凍融破壞的機制主要有兩個(gè)假說(shuō)：靜水壓理論和滲透壓理論。靜水壓假說(shuō)認為大孔隙中未結冰的水會(huì )流向小孔隙，對混凝土產(chǎn)生靜水壓作用力；而滲透壓假說(shuō)認為大孔隙中由于結冰，溶液濃度較高，大小孔隙溶液濃度差會(huì )產(chǎn)生滲透壓，使得小孔隙的水流向大孔隙。兩種假說(shuō)理論都不無(wú)道理，但對于一些現象卻不能很好地解釋。在低溫環(huán)境下，孔溶液結冰可被認為具有微集料填充效應，盡管冰的強度較高，但在一次次凍融循環(huán)中冰產(chǎn)生的膨脹應力損害了微小孔隙內部結構，微小的裂紋逐漸發(fā)展成粗裂紋，表層剝落直至破壞，混凝土的抗拉、抗壓等力學(xué)性能顯著(zhù)下降，最終導致其使用壽命大大降低。當水中含有鹽類(lèi)成分時(shí)，這種破壞作用會(huì )顯著(zhù)加強。</span> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <img src="/temp/1645681228572.png" /> </p> <p class="p1"> <br /> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <span>混凝土的抗侵蝕性主要取決于水泥的抗侵蝕性，而水泥的侵蝕性主要與土體和河流中含有的鹽類(lèi)離子有關(guān)，復雜的鹽類(lèi)成分會(huì )導致混凝土受侵蝕劣化。</span> </p> <p class="p1"> <br /> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <span>混凝土硫酸鹽腐蝕的機理是一個(gè)十分復雜的物理化學(xué)過(guò)程。在混凝土配制過(guò)程中會(huì )混入硫酸鹽成分，但隨著(zhù)時(shí)間推移其含量逐漸減少，因而內部腐蝕反應速度很慢。占主導地位的外部腐蝕機理主要是硫酸鹽滲入混凝土內部，與石灰溶液溶質(zhì)發(fā)生化學(xué)反應，最終生成石膏或鈣礬石，固相體積顯著(zhù)增大，導致內部產(chǎn)生大裂縫，嚴重損壞混凝土內部結構。難溶的膨脹性物質(zhì)還會(huì )在混凝土內部吸收大量的水分子結晶析出，體積增大，形成膨脹內應力，當超過(guò)混凝土的抗拉強度時(shí)，混凝土就會(huì )被損壞。硫酸鹽溶液濃度較高時(shí)，一方面會(huì )產(chǎn)生石膏結晶，結晶產(chǎn)物會(huì )導致體積增大而破壞混凝土內部結構，結晶過(guò)程還消耗了混凝土中的水分，另一方面硬化水泥石中的 Ca(OH)2 和 C-S-H 等組分通過(guò)硫酸鹽的作用會(huì )溶出或分解，從而減小了混凝土的黏性和強度。在硫酸鹽作用下，混凝土的表面會(huì )出現發(fā)白的現象，從棱角處逐漸有損傷現象，然后裂縫漸漸剝落，最終混凝土結構不僅易碎而且松散。</span> </p> <p class="p1"> <br /> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <img src="/temp/1645681228599.png" /> </p> <p class="p1"> <br /> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <span>混凝土的耐久性關(guān)系到結構、建筑物使用壽命的長(cháng)短，針對上述多方面的劣化機制，筆者提出以下改進(jìn)措施，分別從原材料、配合比、外加劑和保護層等方面提出改善混凝土耐久性的方法：</span> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <span>1 加強原材料研究和應用</span> </p> <p class="p1"> <br /> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <span>要想改善混凝土耐久性，必須先從混凝土本身入手，加強研究新型膠凝材料和研制高強高耐久性的混凝土尤為重要。</span> </p> <p class="p1"> <br /> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <span>1.1 選用高強度混凝土</span> </p> <p class="p1"> <br /> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <span>混凝土強度與孔隙率密切相關(guān)，低強度的混凝土孔隙往往較多，極易受干濕循環(huán)和凍融循環(huán)等因素影響，產(chǎn)生的膨脹應力使表面產(chǎn)生裂縫；同時(shí)硫酸根離子、氯離子等鹽類(lèi)離子也更加容易通過(guò)裂縫滲入孔隙中腐蝕混凝土結構。水泥的礦物組成、細度和環(huán)境等與水泥強度的發(fā)展息息相關(guān)，因而選用高強度混凝土對于抵抗這些不利的環(huán)境因素有重要意義。</span> </p> <p class="p1"> <br /> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <span>1.2 加強以耐久性為核心性能的混凝土新型膠凝材料的研究</span> </p> <p class="p1"> <br /> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <span>水泥混凝土耐久性能的核心是膠凝材料的特性，因而，加強膠凝材料的研究有助于提高混凝土耐久性?，F代鋼筋混凝土使用壽命遠小于設計壽命的根本原因在于，水泥中高活性礦物的含量逐漸增大、水泥細度不斷增大，水泥干縮和溫度收縮也不斷增大，最終導致混凝土產(chǎn)生裂縫，裂縫與孔隙之間連通后為外部液體和氣體滲入提供了通道，開(kāi)始出現混凝土耐久性問(wèn)題?，F代工程中為了能快速施工，普遍使用早強混凝土也會(huì )導致結構過(guò)早劣化。因此，要解決在青藏高原地區這樣嚴酷環(huán)境條件下混凝土材料耐久性問(wèn)題，根本方法就是研制新型膠凝材料。武漢大學(xué)水資源與水電工程科學(xué)國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗室曾與某施工單位聯(lián)合開(kāi)展了高貝利特高性能水工混凝土的研究課題，以高貝利特水泥和礦物摻合料為新型膠凝材料進(jìn)行了大量的試驗研究，研究結果表明這種材料具有優(yōu)良的抗裂性能。因此，改善膠凝材料的性能，能大大提高混凝土材料的耐久性和使用壽命。</span> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <img src="/temp/1645681228932.png" /> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <span>2 加強混凝土的外加劑和摻合料的研究和應用</span> </p> <p class="p1"> <br /> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <span>在混凝土拌制過(guò)程中添加外加劑，能有效改善混凝土性能。不同類(lèi)型的外加劑功能不同，針對提高混凝土耐久性，主要選擇引氣劑，并摻入粉煤灰等摻合料，按照國家標準添加，且要求無(wú)較大的副作用。</span> </p> <p class="p1"> <br /> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <span>2.1 摻加優(yōu)質(zhì)粉煤灰和專(zhuān)用復合高性能外加劑</span> </p> <p class="p1"> <br /> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <span>研究表明，摻入硅灰、粉煤灰等摻合料可以提高混凝土抗氯離子滲透性和抗硫酸鹽腐蝕能力，抑制堿—硅酸反應，但會(huì )帶來(lái)一些新問(wèn)題，如低溫下某些摻合料硬化較慢，抗凍能力有所下降。研究人員研制出的多功能復合外加劑-DZ 系列青藏鐵路專(zhuān)用復合型外加劑，其主要成分是無(wú)堿液體速凝劑、減水劑、增稠劑、引氣劑等，含有快速凝結、高效減水、保坍、引氣、細化孔結構等功能組分，可以在提高抗凍性的同時(shí)，縮短凝結時(shí)間，加快工程進(jìn)度，降低用水量，得到低水灰比、高耐久性的混凝土。摻合料與外加劑的混合使用，使得骨料與砂漿的膨脹率顯著(zhù)降低，進(jìn)一步抑制了堿—硅酸反應，很好地改善了混凝土的性能。</span> </p> <p class="p1"> <br /> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <span>2.2 加強引氣劑的研究和應用</span> </p> <p class="p1"> <br /> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <span>青藏高原嚴寒條件要求混凝土有較好的抗凍性，引氣劑的使用能在結構內部引入一些分布均勻且封閉的氣泡，有效改善混凝土和易性，因而要加強引氣劑的研究，達到含氣量大幅提升的目的。然而，有許多影響引氣劑氣泡性能及穩定性的復雜因素，不僅包括引氣劑本身的內在因素，例如表面張力、溶液黏度等，還包括膠凝材料的細度、骨料、減水劑等外在因素。在青藏鐵路高海拔高寒地區，由于空氣稀薄氣壓低，以及施工過(guò)程中高頻振搗的作用，混凝土結構中的氣泡很不穩定。因此，如何大幅度提高混凝土中氣泡的穩定性并優(yōu)化氣泡參數，研究新型適應高原低氣壓的引氣劑是很必要的。</span> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <img src="/temp/1645681228945.png" /> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <span>3 加強新型混凝土保護涂層的研究和應用</span> </p> <p class="p1"> <br /> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <span>保護涂層是混凝土抵抗環(huán)境破壞的第一道外部防線(xiàn)，牢牢守住第一道防線(xiàn)可以有效防治堿析出、水和空氣滲入等問(wèn)題，提高混凝土材料的耐久性，但青藏鐵路嚴重的紫外線(xiàn)輻射常常導致混凝土保護層過(guò)早劣化，加強保護涂層研究是提高混凝土耐久性的重要措施之一。在高寒高海拔地區太陽(yáng)輻射高、紫外線(xiàn)強、凍融循環(huán)和干濕循環(huán)頻繁等典型特點(diǎn)條件下，有機涂層與混凝土之間的界面極易劣化，導致保護涂層過(guò)早失效。有機和無(wú)機材料的混合使用，具有很強的抗紫外線(xiàn)輻射能力，在涂層中大量引入氣泡還能使其復合涂層具有保溫保濕功能，并能封閉結構阻止水和有害物質(zhì)的侵入。經(jīng)測試表明，JHRF 氟碳涂料性能優(yōu)異，涂裝在外部后能封閉混凝土孔隙，緩解惡劣環(huán)境下混凝土受破壞程度，是一種創(chuàng )新有效的保護措施。</span> </p> <p class="p1"> <br /> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <span>4 優(yōu)化配合比設計</span> </p> <p class="p1"> <br /> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <span>混凝土配合比是混凝土結構性能優(yōu)異的關(guān)鍵因素，為了提高混凝土耐久性，合理設計配合比，顯得尤為重要。青藏鐵路所用混凝土為確保其耐久性，一般水泥用量較高，水泥水化過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生許多熱量，可能導致混凝土受熱不均開(kāi)裂，因此要在保證耐久性的前提下降低水泥用量，并且選用低水化熱、低堿以及低收縮率的水泥。經(jīng)試驗研究發(fā)現，水灰比越低的混凝土抗凍性能越強，因此在設計時(shí)要選擇合適的水灰比。研究表明，水膠比對混凝土耐久性也有一定影響，主要表現在前期影響，在水膠比較小的前提下，混凝土孔隙率越小，內部越密實(shí)，抗凍性也越好?？紤]到西藏高寒高海拔的特點(diǎn)，應降低水膠比并且提高含氣量，減少物質(zhì)滲入的通道。在合理選擇骨料時(shí)，一定要注意堿活性的監測和控制。另外，開(kāi)展新型混凝土配合比的研究，特別是高原型的再生混凝土技術(shù)等在高原地區應用的研究是非常有意義的。</span> </p> <p class="p1"> <br /> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <span>5.總結</span> </p> <p class="p1" style="text-align:center;"> <span>青藏鐵路地處青藏高原，青藏高原是個(gè)地理位置、地質(zhì)條件、水文氣象獨特的地方，在海拔 4000m 以上的高寒嚴酷地區，環(huán)境對混凝土的劣化作用很強，嚴重影響了混凝土的耐久性。青藏鐵路是世界海拔最高、線(xiàn)路最長(cháng)的工程項目，研究其混凝土耐久性問(wèn)題具有重要意義。針對凍融、鹽腐蝕、碳化、堿—骨料反應、電池反應和多因素對混凝土的破壞作用，分析其劣化機理，并根據這些問(wèn)題，提出了加強原材料、摻合料、外加劑、保護涂層等的研究和應用、優(yōu)化配合比設計和研究新型混凝土等提高混凝土耐久性的有效途徑和措施。</span> </p> <style type="text/css">.b1{white-space-collapsing:preserve;} .b2{margin: 1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;} 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